India faces several major environmental challenges that require immediate attention and action. These challenges include: 1. Air pollution: Rapid industrialization, urbanization, and vehicular emissions have led to severe air pollution in Indian cities. The Indian government has implemented various measures to combat this, including the introduction of cleaner fuel and stricter emission norms. Additionally, initiatives like the National Clean Air Programme and the implementation of odd-even vehicle rationing systems in cities like Delhi have been undertaken. 2. Water scarcity: India suffers from acute water scarcity, especially in drought-prone regions. The government has launched campaigns like the Jal Shakti Abhiyan to focus on rainwater harvesting, groundwater conservation, and water resource management. Initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana aim to improve irrigation infrastructure and reduce water wastage in agriculture. 3. Deforestation and biodiversity loss: Encroachment of forest land and unsustainable practices like illegal mining and logging are threatening India's rich biodiversity. Conservation efforts include the establishment of protected areas, afforestation programs like the Green India Mission, and campaigns to promote sustainable forest management. 4. Waste management: India generates a vast amount of waste, with inadequate waste management and recycling infrastructure. The government has launched the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, focusing on waste management, sanitation, and establishing public toilets. Efforts are being made to promote the concept of Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle, along with the establishment of waste-to-energy plants. 5. Climate change: India is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts like extreme weather events and sea-level rise. The government has committed to the Paris Agreement and is taking measures to increase renewable energy capacity, promote energy efficiency, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Initiatives like the National Action Plan on Climate Change and the International Solar Alliance are being implemented. It is important to note that while these measures are being taken, continuous efforts and stronger enforcement of environmental regulations are crucial to effectively address the challenges faced by India.