The major challenges faced by India in achieving effective disaster management can be summarized as follows:

• Large Population Density: India has one of the highest population densities in the world, which makes it difficult to manage a large-scale disaster effectively.
• Insufficient Infrastructure: India lacks the required infrastructure such as roads, electricity, and communication networks, which are necessary for disaster management.
• Climate Change: With increasing climate change, India is facing more frequent and severe natural disasters such as floods, droughts, and cyclones, which pose a challenge to effective disaster management.
• Limited Resources: India faces difficulty in allocating limited resources effectively during times of disaster due to its ongoing development needs.
• Poor Risk Assessment: Poor assessment and understanding of disaster risks at the local level, coupled with high levels of poverty and illiteracy, make people vulnerable and difficult to evacuate during a disaster.
• Inadequate Awareness: Insufficient awareness among the public and especially vulnerable communities makes it difficult to prepare and respond efficiently during a disaster.
• Man-made Disasters: Increasing man-made disasters such as chemical accidents and industrial disasters require an advanced level of disaster management, which India has yet to develop.

Effective disaster management depends on preparedness, response, and recovery measures, which require an efficient and proactive approach and coordination among various agencies and stakeholders.