• The British Raj: The colonisation of India by the British had a profound impact on Indian society. It led to the decline of traditional industries, the rise of new industries, and the emergence of the middle class. It also led to the spread of Western education and ideas, and the growth of the Indian nationalist movement.
• The Indian Independence Movement: The struggle for independence from the British changed Indian society in many ways. It awakened a sense of nationalism among the people, and led to the formation of political parties and the adoption of a secular, democratic constitution.
• The Green Revolution: The introduction of high-yield crops in the 1960s greatly increased agricultural productivity and transformed India from a food-deficit country to a food surplus country. However, it also led to environmental degradation, social inequality, and the displacement of rural communities.
• The Emergency: The imposition of emergency rule by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi from 1975 to 1977 curtailed civil liberties and freedom of expression, and led to the growth of authoritarian tendencies in Indian politics.

Understanding the impact of these historical events and movements is crucial in contemporary times as it provides insights into the challenges and opportunities facing Indian society today. It helps in understanding the tensions and fault lines that exist within Indian society, and in charting a course for equitable and sustainable development.