How does the polity of India ensure democratic governance

India ensures democratic governance through several mechanisms and institutions in its political system. 1. Universal adult franchise: India has a system of universal adult franchise, where every citizen above the age of 18 has the right to vote, ensuring political representation and participation of its citizens. 2. Multi-party system: India has a multi-party system, which allows for a diverse range of political voices and opinions. This ensures that the power is not concentrated in the hands of a single party and promotes healthy competition in the political landscape. 3. Separation of powers: India follows the principle of separation of powers, with the executive, legislature, and judiciary functioning independently of each other. This helps prevent the concentration of power in any one institution and ensures checks and balances. 4. Independent judiciary: India's judiciary is independent and acts as the guardian of the Constitution, ensuring that the government functions within the framework of the law and protects the rights and liberties of citizens. The Supreme Court of India plays a crucial role in upholding justice. 5. Fundamental rights: India's Constitution guarantees fundamental rights to its citizens, including freedom of speech, expression, and assembly. These rights provide citizens with the necessary means to participate in the democratic process. 6. Panchayati Raj system: India has a decentralized system of governance at the grassroots level through the Panchayati Raj system. It promotes local self-governance and empowers citizens to participate in decision-making processes. Overall, these mechanisms and institutions foster democratic governance in India by ensuring political representation, separation of powers, rule of law, and protection of fundamental rights.