Climate change refers to the gradual shift in global temperatures and weather patterns over time. This phenomenon is largely caused by human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. The following are the causes of climate change:

• Burning of fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
• Deforestation and other land-use changes also contribute to the global emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
• Methane and nitrous oxide from agricultural practices and other human activities also contribute to climate change.

The effects of climate change are widespread and significant, and have implications for human health, economies, and the natural world. The following are some of the effects:

• Rising global temperatures leading to heatwaves, rising sea levels, droughts and flooding events that impact agriculture, freshwater resources, and human infrastructure.
• Increased frequency or intensity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, typhoons, and tornadoes.
• More frequent and severe wildfires.
• Disruption of ecosystems leading to impacts on biodiversity and the loss of habitats.
• Threats to human health from extreme heat, air pollution, and the spread of infectious diseases among others.