The major environmental challenges faced by India are as follows:

• Pollution: India struggles with air, water, and soil pollution due to rapid industrialization and weak waste management systems.
• Deforestation: Large-scale deforestation contributes to soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and climate change.
• Water scarcity: Misuse, pollution, and uneven distribution of water resources increase water scarcity, leading to social and economic issues.
• Climate change: Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events affect agriculture, water resources, and public health.

To address these challenges, the following measures can be taken:

• Promoting renewable energy sources and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.
• Maintaining and expanding forest cover through afforestation and reforestation initiatives.
• Implementing stricter pollution control measures and encouraging sustainable waste management practices.
• Conserving and managing water resources through efficient irrigation techniques and rainwater harvesting.
• Adopting climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies, such as sustainable agriculture and disaster preparedness.

Additionally, creating public awareness, incorporating environmental education in curricula, and encouraging community participation are vital for sustainable development.