During the Nehruvian era, India's economic policies were characterized by a commitment to socialism and self-reliance. The salient features of India's economic policies during this period were as follows: 1. Industrialization: Emphasis was placed on the development of a strong industrial base, aiming to transition from an agrarian economy to a manufacturing-led one. 2. Mixed economy: The focus was on a mixed economy model with a combination of private sector investment and state-led policies aimed at reducing income inequalities and promoting social welfare. 3. Five-Year Plans: India implemented a series of Five-Year Plans to outline development targets, focusing on areas like agriculture, infrastructure, and education. 4. Import substitution: India adopted a policy of import substitution, seeking to produce domestically what it previously imported, in order to reduce dependence on foreign goods. 5. Public sector expansion: The state expanded its role in industries considered critical to national development, leading to the establishment of public sector enterprises across various sectors. 6. Land reforms: Agrarian reforms were introduced to address issues of land redistribution, aiming to reduce rural poverty and promote agricultural productivity. 7. Promotion of science and technology: Nehruvian policies aimed to foster scientific and technological progress, leading to the establishment of institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology and the Atomic Energy Commission. Overall, the economic policies of the Nehruvian era were grounded in a vision of socialist development, self-sufficiency, and equitable growth.