India faces a multitude of health challenges in the 21st century, including:

• Communicable diseases such as tuberculosis, dengue fever, and malaria. These diseases are prevalent in many parts of the country, particularly in rural areas with poor sanitation and hygiene.
• Non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. These are becoming increasingly prevalent due to changing lifestyles and diets.
• Inadequate healthcare infrastructure and facilities, particularly in rural areas. Many people do not have access to basic healthcare services.
• A lack of awareness about sanitation and hygiene practices, leading to the spread of communicable diseases.

To mitigate these challenges, the Indian government has implemented various initiatives such as the National Health Mission, which aims to improve healthcare infrastructure and increase access to services. The government has also launched campaigns to increase awareness about sanitation and hygiene practices, and implemented programs to combat specific diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria. Additionally, there are ongoing efforts to promote healthy lifestyles and improve access to nutritious food, particularly in rural areas.