The key challenges faced by India's education system in achieving universal literacy are:

• High illiteracy rates among rural and marginalized populations, due to factors such as poverty, child labor, and lack of access to schools.
• Inadequate infrastructure and resources in schools, including insufficient teachers, poor facilities, and outdated teaching methods.
• Gender disparities, with lower literacy rates among girls and women due to cultural and economic reasons.
• Low enrollment rates and high dropout rates, especially at the secondary and higher education levels.
• The need for greater focus on vocational and job-oriented education to address unemployment and skill gaps in the workforce.

To overcome these challenges, India's education system can focus on measures such as:

• Investing in education infrastructure, including building and upgrading schools and providing resources such as books, computers, and labs.
• Recruiting and training more teachers, especially in rural and remote areas, and improving teacher pay and working conditions to motivate them.
• Addressing gender biases and promoting girls' education through awareness campaigns and incentives such as scholarships and free education.
• Creating awareness about the importance of education and developing a culture of learning and skill-building among all segments of society.
• Prioritizing vocational and technical education, and aligning education with industry needs to create a skilled workforce that can contribute to the national economy.