Causes:

• Vehicular emissions: The rise in the number of motor vehicles in India has contributed greatly to air pollution, emitting exhaust fumes that contain harmful gases like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and particulate matter.
• Industrial waste: The large number of industries located in India, particularly those involved in heavy manufacturing, emit hazardous pollutants including sulphur dioxide, lead, mercury, and volatile organic compounds.
• Burning of crops: Farming takes place on a large scale in India, and clearing fields by burning leftover crops creates immense pollution by emitting harmful gases and particulate matter.

Effects:

• Human health: Air pollution can cause adverse health effects such as lung and heart diseases, respiratory problems, neurological damage, and even cancer.
• Climate change: Air pollution contributes to climate change, which can increase extreme weather conditions like floods and droughts.
• Economy: Air pollution is a cause of increased healthcare expenditure and loss of productivity due to disease and disability.

Measures:

• Use of public transport
• Promotion of electric vehicles
• Improvement on industrial technology
• Promotion of renewable energy
• Enforcement of laws and regulations to reduce air pollution
• Changes in crop cultivation methods

Overall, tackling air pollution in India requires multi-sectoral efforts that combine technological and regulatory interventions with behavioral and social changes to create cleaner air for the country.