How has environmental governance evolved over time in India as per the civil services exam syllabus
Trace the evolution and changes in environmental governance in India over the years for civil services exam preparation.
1. Pre-Independence Era:
- Limited focus on environmental issues
- Some regulations regarding forests and wildlife existed under colonial rule
- Establishment of institutions like Wildlife Protection Act (1972) and Forest Conservation Act (1980)
- Initial steps towards environmental conservation with the emphasis on conservation of natural resources
- Shift towards sustainable development with the launch of National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development (1992)
- Establishment of Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) in 1985
- Strengthening of environmental laws and policies with the enactment of the National Green Tribunal Act (2010)
- Emphasis on environmental protection, climate change mitigation, and sustainable development through various policies and initiatives
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