How does the Supreme Court balance individual rights with state security while reviewing laws like the SIR in Tamil Nadu?

When the Supreme Court reviews laws like the SIR (Secularism and Integrity of the Republic) Act in Tamil Nadu, it often faces the challenge of balancing individual rights with the state’s duty to maintain security and public order. The judiciary plays a crucial role in ensuring that neither the rights of citizens nor the interests of the state are compromised unfairly.

• Doctrine of Reasonable Restrictions: The Supreme Court examines if the law imposes “reasonable restrictions” on fundamental rights, particularly those under Articles 19 and 21 of the Constitution. The Court checks whether the restrictions serve a legitimate state interest, such as public order or security, and whether they are proportionate.
• Principle of Proportionality: The Court assesses if the law’s impact on individual rights is excessive compared to the intended goal. If the restriction is too broad or harsh, the Court may strike it down or ask for modifications.
• Test of Arbitrariness: The judiciary checks if the law is arbitrary or discriminatory. Any law that treats individuals unequally without reasonable justification may be invalidated.
• Due Process and Procedural Safeguards: The Supreme Court ensures that the law provides adequate safeguards, such as the right to be heard, right to appeal, and protection against misuse by authorities.
• Review of Legislative Intent: The Court examines the purpose behind the law. If the intent is genuine state security and not to curb dissent or target specific groups, the law is more likely to be upheld.
• Reference to Precedents: The Court relies on previous judgments (like A.K. Gopalan, Maneka Gandhi, and K.S. Puttaswamy cases) to interpret the scope of individual rights and state powers.
• Balancing Test: Ultimately, the Supreme Court seeks a balance, ensuring that neither individual freedoms are unduly curtailed nor is the state left powerless to protect public order and security.