How do constitutional amendments during different government terms reflect changing political priorities and public needs?

Constitutional amendments are key instruments for adapting the Indian Constitution to the changing social, political, and economic realities of the country. The nature and focus of amendments during different government terms, such as the first (2014-2019) and second (2019-present) terms of PM Modi, reflect the shifting priorities of the ruling government and the evolving needs of the public.

• Focus on Social Justice and Welfare: In the first term, the 103rd Constitutional Amendment (2019) introduced 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) in education and government jobs. This reflected a shift towards addressing economic disadvantage, beyond traditional caste-based reservations.
• Strengthening Federal Structure: The 101st Amendment (2016) enabled the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST). This significant reform aimed to create a common national market, streamline indirect taxation, and foster cooperative federalism between the Centre and States.
• Addressing Regional Aspirations: The abrogation of Article 370 and reorganization of Jammu & Kashmir through the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act (2019) during the second term showed a focus on national integration, security, and administrative efficiency.
• Empowering Local Governance: Amendments and legislative changes have also aimed to strengthen local bodies and Panchayati Raj institutions, reflecting an emphasis on decentralization and grassroots democracy.
• Reflecting Public Demands: Many amendments are responses to popular movements or societal demands, such as the push for reservations, women's rights, and transparency in governance (e.g., Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, though not a constitutional amendment, is related).
• Changing Political Priorities: The focus of amendments often shifts with change in leadership or public sentiment. For example, economic reforms and digital governance have gained more prominence in recent years.

Thus, constitutional amendments mirror the government's evolving vision and the dynamic needs of Indian society, adapting the constitutional framework to contemporary challenges and aspirations.